Phase 2 metabolism pdf merge

The phase 2 of the fast metabolism diet, which is also called the protein phase, is on wednesday and thursday. Mar 03, 2014 why phase ii biotransformation when phase i reactions are not producing sufficiently hydrophilic water soluble or inactive metabolites, the drugs or metabolites formed from phase i reaction undergoes phase ii reactions. Phase i reactions involve hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation, exposing or introducing a functional group oh, nh 2. In phase 1, we were targeting your adrenals with carbohydraterich foods, and fruits high in natural sugar. Phase 1 reactions produce functional groups that can participate in phase 2 reactions. Phase ii reactions include glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation. Phase 1 reactions are almost nonexistent in the fetuses. The presence of any of these functional groups except which of the following will allow a drug to enter phase ii biotransformation. Phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid production.

Choose from 500 different sets of 1 phase 2 metabolism flashcards on quizlet. Learn 1 phase 2 metabolism with free interactive flashcards. This work has focused on an approach, which combine in vitro and in vivo. Phase ii drug metabolism 37 apparently exhibit a broad tissue distribution, although the liver is the major site of expression for many ugts. Phase 2 fast metabolism dietthis one is a real winner a baked egg casserole that goes together fast. These reactions include hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation. Technology phase i and phase ii reactions of drug metabolism. Jianda lu, jun xue, in critical care nephrology third edition, 2019. View the rest of my pharmacology videos in order below. Therefore, this is the key difference between phase i and phase ii metabolism. The metabolism phase is absent for the few drugs that are not transformed. Metabolic reductions, hydrolysis, phase 2 metabolism.

The terms in the table below are a collection of items from the lectures that you should be able to define and relate in a sentence or two to drug metabolism as set out in the notes. Top fast metabolism diet phase 2 recipes and other great tasting recipes with a healthy slant from sparkrecipes. Drug metabolism is the chemical alteration of a drug by the body. What is different about phase 2 reactions is that unlike in phase i where drug metabolites often retain pharmacological activity, phase 2 reactions pretty. Phase ii drug metabolising enzymes are mainly transferases. Example paracetamol example phase i metabolism phase ii metabolism phase ii phase ii c 6 h 10 o 7 so 4 paracetamol inhibition of drug metabolism. Concluding, culturing heparg cells in the amcbal yields substantial phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism, while maintaining high viability, rendering dmso addition superfluous for the promotion of drug metabolism. This form of metabolism involves oxidation with the cyp450 enzymatic family. Phase ii metabolism conjugation of drugs and other xenobiotics with a range of different molecules including glucuronic acid, sulfate, amino acids, acetyl groups, methyl groups and glutathione properties of the enzyme families catalyzing these conjugation reactions.

Xenobiotic metabolism, which includes drug metabolism. Pathways of drug metabolism drug metabolism is divided. Phase i and phase ii biotransformation reactions catalyzed by xenobiotic biotransforming enzymes are generally divided into two groups. In this phase an existing functional group already presents in the drug molecule or created by phase i metabolism such as alcohol, phenol, amine is masked or inactivated by a process of. Phase 2 strict conversion phase goal adaption of the body to an optimized nutrition, harmonization of the metabolism, thus reaching the desired weight and noticeable health improvements. Cyp2c19 and cyp3a4 are the major players in the metabolism of benzodiazepines that undergo phase i metabolism figure 1. K arthik kumar, 09bu1r0010, mlr institute of pharmacy. However, they do destabilize and unmask or expose a functional group. Metabolites formed in phase 2 are unlikely to be pharmacologically active. How will the mas consolidation mass mod impact mass mod a808 regarding. Therefore, these two articles cover much of the same ground.

Benzodiazepines are one of the most commonly prescribed medications to treat anxiety, insomnia, and other conditions in the united states. These are capable of converting metabolites to more polar and water soluble products. Please see clause cpfss 2 significant changes oct 1988 in the mas solicitation to see the changes. Glutathione gsh or mercapturic acid conjugations 5. Introduction to pkpd data structures and process optimization to get analysis ready data smitha mullapudi, independent contractor, groton, ct abstract the pharmacokinetics pk is the study of the way body handles the drug by absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The metabolites of phase i metabolic reactions can either be directly excreted in the urine or undergo further metabolic reactions. The enzymes of phase i metabolism, most notably the cytochrome p450 enzymes, only slightly increase water solubility of the drug molecule and does not always increase it enough to facilitate elimination. Also, the concepts of phase i and phase ii reactions seem to be dealt with better on the xenobiotic metabolism page. During these days, you are not allowed to have any fruit, grains of any kind, and no added fat such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados. Metabolism is an essential pharmacokinetic process, which renders lipid soluble and nonpolar compounds to water soluble and. Lean proteins provide the ingredients for creating amino acids in the body. In the intestine for example, several drug metabolising enzymes are presumed to decrease the bioavailability of orally administered drugs or to activate environmental carcinogens.

Phase 1 andor phase 2 some drugs undergo either phase 1 or phase 2 metabolism, but most undergo phase 1. Phase i and phase ii metabolism are two of the three phases of drug metabolism. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Multiple award schedules mas consolidation phase ii mass. Pdf while the mammalian eye is seldom considered an organ of drug.

Metabolism lecture notes watcut university of waterloo. Phase i reactions involve formation of a new or modified functional group or cleavage oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis. However, phase ii metabolism remains relatively preserved in the elderly. Phase 2 of the fast metabolism diet is powerful stuff. Metabolism is an essential pharmacokinetic process, which renders lipid soluble and nonpolar compounds to water soluble and polar compounds so that. The term metabolism is commonly used probably because products of drug transformation are called metabolites. The ugt1a1, ugt1a3, ugt1a4, ugt1a6, ugt1a9, ugt2b7, and ugt2b15 belong among the main liver xenobiotic conjugating enzymes, whereas ugt1a7, ugt1a8, and ugt1a10 are predominan tly extrahepatic ugt forms. Oct 23, 20 reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis, conjugation, glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfaction, mnemonics. The cytochrome p450 enzyme system is particularly important because many different drugs also can induce or inhibit these enzymes, resulting in changing. Phase i metabolism tends to be reduced in the elderly, along with polypharmacy, predisposing elderly patients to cyp450 related interactions. An important point to note is that some drugs dont undergo phase i metabolic reaction but instead are directly deactivated by phase ii reactions. Metasystems combining a docking, 3dqsar, mo, and b a number of enzymes and other.

Two general categories of drug metabolism occur in the liver. Phase ii enzymes undoubtedly play an important role in the detoxification of various xenobiotics. This section takes a look at drug metabolism specifically, it provides a short overview of the various common conjugation reactions involved in the metabolism of drugs. Jun, 2017 fast metabolism diet phase 2 what i eat in a day not a sponsored post. Enjoy the fatblasting baked egg casserole recipe to target and unlock fatstorage in your body.

Haplotype approaches combining the information of adjacent snps into composite. This is called conjugation and the product is called a conjugate. Although phase i drug metabolism occurs in most tissues, the primary and first pass site of metabolism occurs during hepatic circulation. Metabolism or biotransformation the conversion from one chemical form of a substance to another. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Ingenuity pathway analysis of metabolomics data including. Petra jancovaa, pavel anzenbacherb eva anzenbacherova. Pdf phase i and phase ii ocular metabolic activities and the role. Pdf phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid. It is highly variable among drugs and depends on biological conditions. Phase i biotransformation reactions introduce or expose functional groups on the drug with the goal of increasing the polarity of the compound.

Naproxen is also metabolised by phase ii metabolism directly to form a glycine. A more complex situation, combining product regioselectivity with substrate. Phase ii reactions include glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, methylation, conjugation with glutathione, and conjugation with amino acids glycine, taurine and glutamic acid that strongly increase hydrophilicity. Reduced metabolising capacity of phase ii enzymes can lead to toxic effects of clinically used drugs.

Phase 1 and phase 2 drug metabolism and bile acid production of heparg cells in a bioartificial liver in absence of dimethyl sulfoxide. The presence of any of these functional groups except which of the following will allow a drug to enter phase ii biotransformation without first passing through phase i. What is the mechanism by which the body terminates the action of some drugs and also serves to activate prodrugs. Phase i reactions phase i reactions also termed nonsynthetic reactions may occur by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, cyclization, and decyclization addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen, carried out by mixed function oxidases, often in the liver. The enzymecatalyzed reactions of phase i metabolism bind oxygen, hydrogen, water, or amino acids to the lipophilic drug molecule to expose or introduce a hydroxyl oh, amino nh 2, sulfhydryl sh, or carboxyl cooh polar functional group, and thus, result in a modest increase in the parent drugs water solubility. Conjugation is the joining of two substances to form s single. Why phase ii biotransformation when phase i reactions are not producing sufficiently hydrophilic water soluble or inactive metabolites, the drugs or metabolites formed from phase i reaction undergoes phase ii reactions. I have therefore been bold and merged xenobiotic metabolism into this one. Udpglucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, nacetyltransferases, glutathione stransferases. Meta systems combining a docking, 3dqsar, mo, and b a number of enzymes and other. Caira university of cape town, south africa edited by drug metabolism current concepts corina ionescu i.

Drug metabolism is an immense area of study where drugs undergo a range of enzymemediated chemical reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, conjugation, and migration. Drug metabolism phase 2 conjugation reactions medicinal chemistry 3rd stage 1. Difference between phase i and phase ii metabolism. Metabolomics is the study of some or all of these molecules 21, 36, 37, 73. The taco tuesday are never going to be the same with these recipe. The liver is the principal, but not the sole, site of most drug metabolism in the body. Burgers medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and development, seventh edition. Drug metabolism and clinical pharmacology learn about from the msd manuals medical professional version. Phase ii biotransformation reactions also conjugation reactionsgenerally serve as a detoxifying step in drug metabolism. Drug metabolism is the phase of biochemical transformation of the drug. Phase 1 reactions are almost nonexistent in the fetuses of laboratory animals. Infrastructural part of this project has been supported by cz.

Toss it in the oven on the morning of your first phase 2 day on the fast metabolism diet. Phase ii of metabolism may or may not be preceded by phase i reactions. Phase ii mass modification frequently asked questions faq for industry published. Homework 1 drug metabolism 20 university of washington. Phase ii drug metabolizing enzymes play an important role in biotransformation of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics to more easily excretable forms as well as in the metabolic inactivation of pharmacologically active compounds. Phase i and phase ii reactions of drug authorstream. See more ideas about fast metabolism diet, fast metabolism and diet recipes. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism from the greek xenos stranger and biotic related to living beings is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organisms normal biochemistry, such as any drug.

Fast metabolism diet phase 2 what i eat in a day not a sponsored post. Therefore, amcbal culturing makes the heparg cells more suitable for testing metabolism and toxicity of drugs. A day in phase 2 we are now preparing your phase 2 menu. It is convenient to divide drug metabolism into two phases i and ii which sometimes. Food items optimally matched to an individual person to harmonize the metabolism and to. Some patients metabolize a drug so rapidly that therapeutically effective blood and tissue concentrations are not reached. Pathways of drug metabolism drug metabolism is divided into two phases phase i from phar 2011 at university of new south wales. In phase 2, we cut those out completely and focus on lean proteins and alkalizing vegetables that will build muscle and stimulate your liver. The proteins and vegetables included on the fast metabolism diet phase 2 food list are there for a good reason. Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. The enzymes involved in metabolism are present in many tissues but generally are more concentrated in the liver. Phase i reactions involve hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation, exposing or introducing a functional group oh, nh 2, sh or cooh to slightly increase hydrophilicity. Phase i metabolism converts a parent drug to polar active metabolites while phase ii metabolism converts parent into polar inactive metabolites. Start subsequent to the preparation phase duration a minimum of 14 days focus the 8 metabolic balance rules and your individual food list 4.